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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website
Acute/chronic. Due to the high background incidence rate of naturally-occurring VTE, a cause-and-effect relationship with drugs or procedures may be difficult to establish firmly. Epidemiologic studies can be supportive (PMID 25924683). A search for antiphospholipid antibodies is indicated. Chronic iatrogenic thromboembolism, for instance in patients with cardiac wires and leads may cause thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (PMID 24881082)