The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website

Pacemaker leads - Implantable cardiac devices

Perforation of the heart - Cardiac rupture

Kumar P, Skrabal J, Frasure SE, Pourmand A

Pacemaker lead related myocardial perforation.

The American journal of emergency medicine 2021 Sep 04;; — 2021 Sep 04

Iwata S, Hirose A, Furui I, Matsumoto T, Ozaki M, Nagasaka Y

Right ventricular perforation, pneumothorax, and a pneumatocele by a pacemaker lead: a case report.

JA clinical reports 2021 Sep 09;7;69 — 2021 Sep 09 — 69

Diagnosing DIRD

Drug and radiation history

Drug singularity - Correct identification of the drug

Consistent timing of exposure v. onset of symptoms

Clinical, imaging, BAL, pathological pattern consistent with the specific drug

Careful exlusion of another cause

Remission of symptoms with removal of drug

Recurrence with rechallenge (rarely advisable)

Causality assessment

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