The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website

Pacemaker leads - Implantable cardiac devices

Venous thoracic outlet syndrome

Sood A, Benhuri D, Rastogi U, Gowda RM

Pacemaker lead-induced venous thoracic outlet syndrome.

Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2021 02 01;88;75-76 — 2021 02 01 — 75-76

Diagnosing DIRD

Drug and radiation history

Drug singularity - Correct identification of the drug

Consistent timing of exposure v. onset of symptoms

Clinical, imaging, BAL, pathological pattern consistent with the specific drug

Careful exlusion of another cause

Remission of symptoms with removal of drug

Recurrence with rechallenge (rarely advisable)

Causality assessment

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