Philippe Camus, M.D.
Dijon, France
Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP)
Evidence level
probable
Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction
low
Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)
Laryngospasm (a.k.a. laryngismus)
Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury (face, buccal mucosa, pharynx, upper airway)
Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma
possible