Philippe Camus, M.D.
Dijon, France
XXVIII - Large airway involvement
Last update 17/06/2026
See also under VIIIa. Typically acute. May be due to edema, hematoma or rigidity. Increased tongue volume can cause serious breathing difficulties by obstructing the air passage and compressing the soft palate. Asphyxia may ensue. Speedy control of the airway is essential
XIV. Pleural involvement
XIV.e Hemothorax - Serosanguineous pleural effusion
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.e Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.i Hemoptysis
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.o Epistaxis
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.a Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.f Anaphylaxis - Anaphylactoid reaction (either of these can be fatal)
XXXVIII. Miscellaneous - Varia
XXXVIII.b Unilateral/Hemilingual (angio)edema
XII. Pericardial involvement
XII.g Pleural/pericardial effusion, ANA positive (DI lupus)
XIV. Pleural involvement
XIV.a Pleural effusion (uni or bilateral) (can accompany ILD induced by the drug)
XIV. Pleural involvement
XIV.d Eosinophilic pleural effusion
XIX. Angioedema
XIX.b Visceral angioedema
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.a Pneumonitis (ILD)
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.c Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.a Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.a Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.c Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal)
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.d Cough (lone)
XXX. Imaging features
XXX.c Imaging: Upper/central airway narrowing
XXXI. Eye catchers
XXXI.a Eye-catcher: Tongue edema
XXXV. Disordered breathing during sleep
XXXV.b Disordered breathing pattern - Cheynes-Stokes respiration
XXXV. Disordered breathing during sleep
XXXV.c Obstructive sleep apnea
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.b Lupus - Lupus syndrome
XXXVIII. Miscellaneous - Varia
XXXVIII.b Unilateral/Hemilingual (angio)edema
XXXVIII. Miscellaneous - Varia
XXXVIII.i Cough syncope
XII. Pericardial involvement
XII.c Hemopericardium - Bloody pericardial effusion
XIV. Pleural involvement
XIV.e Hemothorax - Serosanguineous pleural effusion
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.a Hemomediastinum - Mediastinal hematoma
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.b Pulmonary hematoma
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.c Hematoma of/around central airway wall potentially causing UAO
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.d Retropharyngeal hematoma (may cause UAO)
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.e Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.i Hemoptysis
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.k Vocal cord hematoma
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.l Thoracic epidural or spinal hematoma
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.m BAL: Gross or microscopic bleeding/hemorrhage
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.n Rectus abdominis sheath hematoma
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.o Epistaxis
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.i Progression, acceleration or exacerbation of preexisting ILD/fibrosis
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.a Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXXII. Esophageal pathology
XXXII.a Esophageal hematoma (may cause chest pain and/or tracheal compression)
XXXVII. Veterinary medicine and pathology
XXXVII.e Veterinary: (Peri-) tracheal/retropharyngeal hemorrhage
XXXVIII. Miscellaneous - Varia
XXXVIII.l Calcification of tracheobronchial cartilaginous rings
X. Pulmonary edema
X.k Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) (May cause ARDS)
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.e Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.i Hemoptysis
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.l Thoracic epidural or spinal hematoma
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XIV. Pleural involvement
XIV.d Eosinophilic pleural effusion
XIX. Angioedema
XIX.b Visceral angioedema
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.a Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.f Laryngospasm (a.k.a. laryngismus)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.d Cough (lone)
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.b Lupus - Lupus syndrome
II. Myocardial dysfunction - Heart failure
II.c Heart failure (biventricular, congestive)
IV. Heart block (bundle branch-, AV-block)
IV.a Heart block (bundle branch- or AV-)
V. Myocarditis
V.a Myocarditis (can be fulminate/fulminant)
XI. Pulmonary vasculopathies
XI.a Pulmonary arterial hypertension
XII. Pericardial involvement
XII.b Pericardial effusion (w/wo tamponade)
XII. Pericardial involvement
XII.n Pleuropericarditis - Pleuropericardial effusion (ANA unknown or negative)
XIII. Thrombosis - Embolism
XIII.a Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thrombo-embolism
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.a Pneumonitis (ILD)
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.b Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.a Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.i Exacerbation or deterioration of preexisting COPD
XXXIII. Histopathology (for pulmonary pathology see in ‘Pneumotox’ (a free companion App)
XXXIII.a Path: Myocarditis
XXXIII. Histopathology (for pulmonary pathology see in ‘Pneumotox’ (a free companion App)
XXXIII.f Path: Myocardial vasculitis
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.f Anaphylaxis - Anaphylactoid reaction (either of these can be fatal)
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.h Myasthenia gravis - Myasthenic-like syndrome
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.v Temporal arteritis (Horton’s)
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.ad Polymyalgia rheumatica
XII. Pericardial involvement
XII.c Hemopericardium - Bloody pericardial effusion
XII. Pericardial involvement
XII.e Constrictive pericarditis - Pericardial thickening
XIV. Pleural involvement
XIV.e Hemothorax - Serosanguineous pleural effusion
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.c Hematoma of/around central airway wall potentially causing UAO
XVI. Hemorrhage - Bleeding - Hematoma(s)
XVI.e Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
XX. Vasculitis
XX.d Vasculitis, pulmonary (w/wo AH), extrathoracic, or systemic: ANCA-positive
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.a Autoimmunity - An autoimmune condition (+ANA, +anti-ds-DNA, +ANCAs, other auto-Abs)
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.f Anaphylaxis - Anaphylactoid reaction (either of these can be fatal)
I. Cardiac arrhythmia(s)/dysrhythmia(s) (AF, VT, VF, TdP) - QTc prolongation)
I.a Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP)
III. Myocardial ischemia - Coronary artery disease
III.a Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction
VI. Cardiomyopathy
VI.a Cardiomyopathy (acute, subacute, chronic)
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.a Pneumonitis (ILD)
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.c Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia)
XXIV. Interstitial lung disease - Pulmonary infiltrates - Pulmonary fibrosis
XXIV.d Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.a Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death)
XXVIII. Large airway involvement
XXVIII.i Tongue involvement (edema, glossitis, hematoma)
XXIX. Small airway involvement
XXIX.a Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma
XXXVI. Autoimmune syndromes - Systemic reactions or conditions
XXXVI.m DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction - Drug hypersensitivity syndrome
